Lithium-ion batteries dominate the market for portable electronics due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and relatively low self-discharge rate. Nonetheless, the demand for lithium-ion batteries in emerging applications such as electric vehicles and grid storage has placed increased pressure on the supply chain of vital battery materia

Titanium sputtering is a widely utilized process to create high-performance coatings across various industries. The procedure entails a high-powered magnetic field to eject titanium atoms from a target, which then deposit onto a substrate surface. The resulting film exhibits remarkable properties such as excellent adhesion, high hardness, and immun